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1 BÆÐI
1) bæði … ok, both … and;bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold;bæði at lærdómi ok vitrleik ok atgervi, both in learning, and wisdom, and accomplishments;2) bæði … enda, both … and also, and indeed.* * *[v. báðir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the words ‘rarely Norse’ should be struck out], used adverbially, both, Scot. ‘baithh,’ with conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence:α. bæði, … ok, both … and; bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. blár ok digr, Fms. vii. 162; vitandi bœði gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145. Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti ok at öðru, 127; b. at lærdómi, vitrleik, ok atgörvi, in learning, wisdom, and accomplishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bæði is triple); b. lönd ok kvikfé, Ísl. ii. 61; mun nú vera rofit bæði búlkinn ok annat, Fms. vi. 381; bæði var at hann kunni betr en flestir menn aðrir, ok hafði betri færi á …, Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok … bæði; hér og á himnum bæði, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fátítt b., Hom. 117; undruðu ok hörmuðu b., 120.β. bæði… enda, where the latter part of the sentence, beginning with ‘enda,’ is of a somewhat disjunctive character, and can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or displeasure or the like, e. g. það er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann af því, i. e. he is clever, no doubt, and knows it; b. er nú, jarl, at ek á yðr margan sóma at launa, enda vili þér nú hafa mik í hina mestu hættu, it is true enough, my lord, that I have received many good things from you, but now you put me in the greatest danger, i. e. you seem to intend to make me pay for it, Fb. i. 193: or it denotes that the one part of a sentence follows as a matter of course from the other, or gives the hidden reason; b. mundi vera at engi mundi þora at etja, enda mundi engi hafa hest svá góðan, i. e. no one would dare to charge him, as there would hardly be any who had so good a horse, Nj. 89. -
2 skarðr
a. diminished, impaired; inn skarði máni, the waning moon; hafa, bera skarðan hlut fyrir e-m, to be worsted (wronged) by one; sitja of (um, yfir) skörðum hlut fyrir e-m, to suffer injury from one.* * *part. diminished; hinn skarði máni, the crescent moon, Vkv. 6; með skarða skjöldu, with ‘sheared,’ hacked shields, Hkm. 9: the phrase, hafa, bera … skarðan hlut, to have a ‘sheared lot,’ not to get one’s share, to be worsted, Ísl. ii. 315, Am. 100; sitja margir of skörðum hlut fyrir þér, Ó. H. 150; menn munu eigi una svá skörðum hlut við þik, Fær. 160. -
3 skálm
(pl. -ir), f.1) prong (tók hann birkirapt ok reiddi um öxl, svá at hann hélt um skálmirnar);2) beanpod (bauna-skálmir);3) short sword.* * *f. a short sword, Hom. 14, Gkv. 2. 19, Fas. ii. 229, Ld. 214, Hkr. iii. 150, Fb. i. 259, ii. 138, Fas. i. 56 sqq., Fms. vi. 402, Grett. 140, Band, (in a verse); ryð-skálm.II. one part of a cloven thing; hann tók upp birki-rapt mikinn, ok reiddi um öxl svá at hann hélt um skálmirnar, … raptrinn gékk í sundr í skálmunum, Eb. 324; skálma-tré, a cleft tree, Pr. 421; buxna-skálm, one leg of a pair of breeches.III. [cp. skálpr; old Swed. skafl], a bean-pod; bauna-skálmir, Barl. 46.IV. a pr. name of a mare, Landn.V. the word occurs in the local names, Skálmar-dalr, -fjörðr, -nes, Landn.; but may not such names be derived from the cloven shape of the firths or the fells? -
4 ÞEIR
(þær, þau), dem. pron. pl. they, those, answering to the sing. ‘sá, sú, þat’, and ‘hann, hón, þat’;1) the neut. pl. ‘þau’ as collective for a masc. and fem.; síðan gengu þau (sc. Njáll and Bergthora) inn bæði;2) ‘þeir’ is frequently used before an adv., or a prep. with its complement; þeir norðr þar, those there in the north; þeir fyrir austan árnar, those east of the rivers;3) pleonast. before the names of two or more persons; þau Ásgerðr ok Þorsteinn, Asgerd and Thorstein; börn þeira Hildigunnar ok Kára váru þeir Starkaðr ok Flosi, the children of H. and K. were these, S. and F.; þeir feðgar, father and son;4) ellipt., before the name of a single person; þeir Oddr, O. and his men; frá skiptum þeira Þórðar, about the dealings of Thord and Björn; þau Asgerðr, Asgerd and her son (Thorstein).* * *þær, þau. This is the plur. of the personal pron., answering to sing. hann, hón, þat; gen. þeira and mod. þeirra; dat. þeim; acc. þá, þær, þau; in mod. speech þau is sounded þaug, which form occurs as early as Run. Gramm. of 1651, and often rhymes in mod. poets with words ending in g, e. g. flaug, þaug, Bb. 2. 17: [the A. S. uses the forms hi, hira, him, hi, and so in early South. E., whereas the North. E. has thay, thair, thaim; South. E. and Chaucer hii, here, hem, Morris’ Specimens, p. xv; Dan. de, deres, early Dan. deræ, dat. dem.]A. They, them, theirs (see Gramm. p. xxi); töluðu þeir mart, ríða þeir heim af þingi; þeir kómu í Fljótshlíð, Gunnarr tók vel við þeim; Njáll mælti til þeirra …, slíkar fortölur hafði hann fyrir þeim, … þeir spurðu þær tíðenda, báðu þær eigi leyna, þær sögðu svá vera skyldu; at þeim muni ílla sækjask at vinna oss, … vér getum þá eigi með vápnum sótta, and so in endless instances.2. a peculiarity of the Icel. is the constant use of the neut. plur. ‘þau’ as collective for a masc. and fem.; síðan gengu þau inn bæði (i. e. Njall and Bergthora), at hann skyldi breiða yfir þau húðina; börn þeirra Þjálfa ok Rösku, ok görðusk þau … þá er þau höfðu gengit litla hríð, Edda 28; Ask ok Emblu … önd þau né áttu óð þau né höfðu, Vsp.; and so also of things, e. g. þau páll og reka; þau hönd og fótr, and so on.B. Special usages; this pronoun is used collectively before the names of two or more persons, the neuter being used when the persons are of different sexes:1. where more than one are expressly named; þau Ásgerðr ok Þorsteinn, they, Asgerd and Thorstein, Eg. 702; þeir Starkaðr ok Þórðr, ok Flosi, Nj. 282; börn þeirra Hildigunnar ok Kára, the children of H. and K., id.; synir þeirra Starkaðar ok Hallberu vóru þeir Þorgeirr ok Börkr ok Þorkell, 89; synir hans vóru þeir Kolr ok Óttarr ok Haukr, id.; bræðr Hallgerðar vóru þeir Þorleikr, faðir Bolla, ok Ólafr faðir Kjartans, ok Bárðr, they, Thorleik, Olave, and Bard, 2; faðir þeirra Þorkels föður Brands, ok Þorgils föður míns, Jb. 20 (restored by Maurer; the emendation in the Editions is an error; the passage is parallel to that given above from Nj.); Þórr ok þeir lagsmenn, Thor and they—his followers, Edda 28.2. ellipt., as it seems, where the one part is understood, and not named; in this case the neut. þau is used whenever the name understood is different in gender; þeim Oddi, to Odd and his men, Fms. vi. 379; þeir Vagn, W. and his men; þeir Pálnatóki, P. and his men, xi. 95; þeir Þóroddr, … þeim Þóroddi, Hkr. ii. 251; frá skiptum þeirra Þórðar, the dealings of Thord ( and Björn), Fms. iv. 110; þeir feðgar, they, father and son, Nj. 8; þau Ásgerðr, Asgerd and her son, Eg. 702; vinátta var með þeim frændum þeirra, i. e. between him and their kinsmen, Grett. 132; þeirra bræðra, Fms. xi. 160; þeir í Orkneyjum, Nj. 270; af þeim ( those) fyrir austan árnar, 210.—This use of the pronoun þeir, þær, þau is peculiar to the old Scandin. and Icel. tongue, and is not found in any other Teut. language. We take it to be a remnant from an ancient time when the article was still used detached and not suffixed, being, as in Homeric Greek, used half as a demonstrative pronoun; thus Iliad viii. 457, αϊδ Ἀθηναίη τε και Ἤρη, sounds quite Icel., þær Aþena og Hera; Icel. extend it also to the other cases, þeirra (gen.) Aþenu og Heru, þeim Aþenu og Heru; cp. also II. xiii. 496, 526; the usage of the neut., as above, seems peculiar to Icel. It is therefore an error to explain ‘þeir Þóroddr,’ etc., as if a copula ‘ok’ had been dropped between the pronoun and the pr. name, þeir ‘ok’ Þóroddr; it is in fact an elliptical abbreviated version of the usage in B. 1: similar is the use of hann and hón for the sing. (see hann B. II. p. 239, col. 1), and of Gr. ὁ as in Od. xxi. 181.C. For this pronoun as demonstrative, see þat, p. 731. -
5 EYKT
f.1) half-past three o’clock, p. m. (var þat nær e. dags);2) time of three hours (þá er þógn hafði verit nær hálfa e.).* * *eykð, f. three or half-past three o’clock P. M.; many commentaries have been written upon this word, as by Pal Vídalín Skýr., Finn Johnson in H. E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc. The time of eykð is clearly defined in K. Þ. K. 92 as the time when the sun has past two parts of the ‘útsuðr’ (q. v.) and has one part left, that is to say, half-past three o’clock P. M.: it thus nearly coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona (three o’clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used indiscriminately in some passages. Sunset at the time of ‘eykð’ is opposed to sunrise at the time of ‘dagmál,’ q. v. In Norway ‘ykt’ means a luncheon taken about half-past three o’clock. But the passage in Edda—that autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt—confounded the commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional Icel. winter, which (in the old style) begins with the middle of October, and lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt—the residence of Snorri—the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the commentators have based their reasoning both in regard to dagmál and eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P. M. and dagmál at half-past seven A. M., although this contradicts the definition of these terms in the law. The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not to the Icel. winter but to the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is suited not to Icel., but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia. The word is also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America by the ancients, vide Fb. l. c. This sense ( half-past three) is now obsolete in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a time of three hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing this sense,—the Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l. c. are of the 13th and 14th centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used metaph. of all the four meal times in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt proper), and even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grág., K. Þ. K., Hem., Heið. S.) this word is always spelt eykð or eykþ, shewing the root to be ‘auk’ with the fem. inflex. added; it probably first meant the eke-meal, answering to Engl. lunch, and thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken. The eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at ‘hora nona;’ hence the phrase, eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can have no relation to átta, eight, or átt, plaga coeli. At present Icel. say, at eykta-mótum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt, once in three hours.I. half-past three; þá er eykð er útsuðrs-átt er deild í þriðjunga, ok hefir sól gengna tvá hluti en einn ógenginn, K. Þ. K. 92; net skal öll upp taka fyrir eykð, 90; helgan dag eptir eykð, 88; ef þeir hafa unnit á eykð, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa boðit fyrir miðjan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at eykþ, Grág. i. 198; ok á maðr kost at stefna fyrir eykþ ef vill, 395; í þat mund dags er tók út eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. ‘vix decima parte diei reliqua,’ Róm. 313; þeir gengu til eyktar, ok höfðu farit árla morguns, en er nón var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eykð dags þá kómu heim húskarlar Barða. Ísl. ii. 329; nú vættir mik at þar komi þér nær eykð dags, 345; var þat nær eykð dags, 349; var hón at veraldligu verki þangat til er kom eykð, þá fór hón til bænar sinnar at nóni, Hom. (St.) 59.COMPDS: eykðarhelgr, eyktarstaðr, eykðartíð.II. trihorium; en er liðin var nær ein eykt dags, Bs. i. 446; at þat mundi verit hafa meir en hálf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til sín, 385; þessi flaug vanst um eina eykð dags, Hem. (Hb.) -
6 SVEIT
* * *(pl. -ir), v.1) body of men, small detachment (liði var skipt í sveitir, tólf mönnum saman);2) company, train (ek var með hánum ok í hans s.); þeir héldu s. um jólin, they held revels at Yule;3) community, district, county (gekk pat hallæri um allar sveitir).* * *f., svít, Eg. 19, [A. S. sweot], a body, esp. as a milit. term, a squad, small detachment, company, each with its own officer (sveitar-höfðingi), sveit ef sex eru, Edda 108; vil ek at menn skipizk í sveitir, ok heimtisk saman frændmenn ok kunnmenn, Ó. H. 204; liði var skipt í sveitir, tólf mönnum saman, Eg. 229; þeir fengu til margar sveitir, at veita Varbelgjum bakslag, Fms. ix. 491; Þórir hundr með sína sveit, Ó. H. 214; gékk hann í sveit með þeim, 215; en eptir fall hans þá féll flest sú sveit er fram hafði gengit með honum, 219; Arnljótr gellini ok þeirra sveit öll, 217.2. a company, train; þeir höfðu samburðar-öl ok héldu sveit um Jólin, held revels at Yule, Fms. vii. 303; Grjótgarðr hélt þó sveit, i. 53; ek var með hánum ok í hans sveit, Eg. 65; þykki mér allfýsiligt at koma í þeirra sv(e)it, 19; þóttú komir í sveit með hirðmönnum Haralds, 21; þessi sveit ( troop) kom til Virfils bónda, Fms. iii. 212; ef lögsögu-maðr er í inni minni sveit, in the minority, Grág. i. 9; drógu Gyðingar sveit saman mikla, Hom. (St.); sum sveitin … sum sveitin, one part …, another …, Róm. 261; eigi skal þá draga sveitir saman þá er aðrir menn eru sofa farnir … þá skolu þeir vita er í sveit þeirri vóru hverr bani er, N. G. L. i. 163: poët., lýða sveit, seggja sveit, a company of men, Lex. Poët.; fljóða s., a bevy of women, Merl. 1. 49: of the crew of a ship, skírskota á önnur skip, at þeir hafa eigi meira mat en mánaðar-mat hvars í tvennum sveitum, N. G. L. i. 99.3. a party; þá görðusk þrætur miklar, ok gékk liðit sveitum mjök, Clem. 43; mannkyn var í tvenningu, í annarri sveit Gyðingar er á sannan Guð trúðu, en í annarri heiðnar þjóðir, 625. 170; öll góðra manna sveit, Hom. 142.II. geograph. a community, district, county; Rauðamels-lönd vóru betri en önnur suðr þar í sveit, Landn. 80; mikil kynslóð í þeirri sveit, Eg. 100; gékk þat hallæri um allar sveitir, Nj. 73; allar kirkjur þær er í þessum sveitum vóru, 623. 14; norðr um sveitir, Lv. 20; fara um sveitir ok boða Guðs eyrendi, Bs. i. 45.2. in mod. usage a district for relief of the poor, like hreppr; in such phrases as, fara á sveitina, to become a pauper; vera á sveit, liggja á sveit, þiggja af sveit, to receive parish relief; honum lá við sveit, he was on the verge of becoming a pauper; sveitar-kerling, an old female pauper; sveitar-ómagi, a pauper; sveitar-þyngsli, burdens of the sveit; sveitar-tillag, a poor-rate; sveit-lægr, q. v.3. the country, as opp. to town; búa í sveit, to live in the country; sveita-bóndi, a country farmer, husbandman; sveita-fólk, sveita-menn, country folk; sveita-bragr, country costumes, habits; sveita-búskapr, husbandry.B. COMPDS: sveitarbót, sveitardráttr, sveitardrykkja, sveitargengi, sveitarhöfðingi, sveitarmenn, sveitarrækr, sveitaskipan, sveitarskítr, sveitarvist. -
7 skiljast
* * *v. refl. to separate, break up (skildist þá ok riðlaðist fylkingin);skiljast við e-n, e-t, to part from, forsake (hann kveðst aldri við Kára skyldu skiljast);recipr. to part company (skildust þeir með blíðskap, feðgar);impers., e-m skilst e-t, one perceives, understands (nú skaltu vita, hvárt mér hafi skilizt);láta sér e-t skiljast, to let oneself be convinced of (Björn lét sér þat eigi skiljast). -
8 ást-fólginn
part. beloved, dear to one’s heart, warmly beloved; á. e-m, Fms. vi. 45, xi. 3. -
9 ein-eggjaðr
part. one-edged, Stj. 383. -
10 ein-feldr
part. [fella], resolute, bent on one thing, Ísl. ii. 36. -
11 eptir-ætlandi
part. one who intends to prosecute, N. G. L. i. 165. -
12 forn-spurðr
part., in the phrase, göra e-n fornspurðan at e-u, or göra e-t at e-m fornspurðum, to do a thing without asking one’s leave, Fas. i. 48. -
13 fót-fúinn
part. ‘foot-rotten’ i. e. reeling on one’s legs, a wrestling term. -
14 griða-beiðandi
part. one who sues for peace, Grág. ii. 23. -
15 hag-mæltr
part. well-spoken, Fms. iv. 374: a kind of metre, Edda 138: in mod. usage only of one who has skill in verse-making, hann er lagmæltr, a happy verse-maker, but not yet a skáld, poet. -
16 haldin-
part. pass. in the compds, haldin-orðr, adj. discreet, close, Fms. ii. 18, x. 326, Eg. 51; haldin-yrði, n. keeping close, Sks. 361, Sd. 169: in mod. usage these words mean the keeping one’s word. -
17 harð-leikinn
part. playing a hard, rough game, Sturl. i. 23; verða e-m h., to play roughly with one, Fms. ii. 182, Stj. 463; fá harðleikit, to be roughly treated, Fms. vi. 210, ix. 449; göra e-m harðleikit, Grett. 127. -
18 sjálf-viljandi
part. with one’s own free-will, willing, Fms. i. 104, ii. 46, Sturl. i. 96. Eg. 410. -
19 skóla-genginn
part. one who has been at a grammar-school. -
20 tíð-rætt
part. n. = tíð-hjalat; þeim var tíðrætt Einari ok Þórvaldi ok Steingrími, Glúm. 372; þat höfðu menn á máli hve tíðrætt þeim jarli var ok Þorbirni, how much parley the earl and Th. had with one another, Orkn. 300; var ekki jafn-tíðrætt sem þat, Grett. 81 new Ed.
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